Saussure: LANGUAGE AS A SOCIAL FACT
Towards the end of the XIX century - apparently everything looks good for
the time, and some still remain convincing for the present - the language
similarities with biology has been widely rejected . This raises the difficulty
of understanding the language as an academic discipline : If the language is
not the species alive , in the sense of whether the language is " stuff
" that can be investigated ? A layman pleased that the French language is
something that can be learned , which have certain devices and in some cases
the same or similar to English but in other respects different ; but when the
French language in an item and that item is something strange . It is clear
that the language was not a concrete object such as a table or as a stretch of
land called France . You can not see or hear the French language . You can hear
is Gaston the waiter said " pas si bete ... " : You can see a line of
printed letters on a sheet of newspaper " Le Monde " : but how can we
interpret a being called the French language which is behind thousands and
thousands of concrete phenomena that can be observed as in the two examples
that? kind of form is that language ? paradigm of biology shows the
relationship between the speech and language of France such as the relationship
between carrot ( carrot ) and certain species of carrots : and to the rejection
of the biological paradigm opinion , such opinion this is considered
satisfactory - although one can only see or eat carrots , vote important enough
to talk about carrots species and discuss , say , genetic relationship with
species of potatoes . , but the first time biology has been thrown to the side
of the road , the second , the already found that paradigm can not provide a
complete answer to the ongoing discussion . In biology , because the species is
an abstraction , not least the individual species are goods that are concrete ,
some kinds of goods can be easily felt than carrots . But the linguistic
analogy to biological individual is idiolek ; and almost all , if not all , the
same as a broad abstraction of the concept of language . We can not hear idiolek
Gaston as a form ; we can only hear the idiolek examples - comments which he
says that he saw a tip that we left behind , and examples idiolek it does not
have parallels in biology . So although it is not regarded as a particular
problem by linguists of the nineteenth century , the question " How does
understanding a form called a language or a dialect of the underlying reality
that can be felt rather than specific utterances ? Remain open at that time .
People who answer that can satisfy experts as well as experts during her today
is the Swiss scholar : Ferdinand de Saussure .
MONGIN Ferdinand de Saussure , his full name , was born in Geneva in 1857 ,
the son of the Huguenot families who moved from Lorraine during the French
religious wars in the late sixteenth century . Although people now regard as
the first Saussure provides a definition of the notion that so-called
synchronic linguistics - the study of language support as the system contained
in the given time , which is distinguished by historical linguistics ( which to
distinguish Saussure called diachronic linguistics ) is for experts
contemporaries is the only approach available for studying that time was - in
his lifetime was not meant to make it famous . Saussure got educated as an
ancient language , and successfully while still a young man published a book
entitled Memoire sur lesysteme primitive dans les langues des Voyelles indo -
europeennes ( 1878) . The book was published a few weeks after his birthday XXI
: When he was a student in Germany . The book is one of the basic
reconstruction of Proto- Indo- European language . Saussure gives Ecole
Pratique des Hautes lecture Etudes in Paris from 1881 to 1891, before he
returned to teaching in Geneva , all publishing , and almost all the lectures he
gave , throughout his more than dealing with historical linguistics synchronic
linguistics , with in-depth analysis about the various Indo- European languages
and not with the general theory that makes it famous now
.
In fact , although Saussure produce his work on the theory of general
linguistics at about 1890 ( Koerner , 1973: 29 ) , he seems reluctant to give
it to someone else , and the story of how his ideas can go into publishing is a
strange story . In late 1906 he was asked to take over responsibility in giving
lectures on general linguistics and comparative history and languages of the Indo -
European from a scholar who has quit his service for 30 years ; Saussure taught
the material on the rest of her student days and on the lectures in 1908-1909
and in 1910-1911 . In the first years of Saussure limit at only about
historical matters ; but when he gave the two years he was also a brief
introduction to post a synchronic linguistics , and the third lecture , the
entire semester is used to provide synchronous linguistic theory . Shortly
afterward he died , without a chance to publish any material that theory . Some
people have been asked to publish , but he always answered that for preparing
lecture materials very time-consuming , but two of his colleagues , Charles
Bally and Albert Sechehaye decided on a new fabric of the student lecture notes
together with notes Saussure left college . The book they produced is called
Cours de linguistique gererale ( Saussure 1916) is a medium that can be used by
scholars in the world to understand the ideas of Saussure , Saussure and since
this document is known as the father of twentieth -century linguist .
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